Lethal toxic Dose [i.p LD50], total protein contents and comparative hemolytic potential of [99mTc labeled and non-labeled] Naja naja karachiensis venom

Recent recognition about snake bite envenomation on June, 2017 as neglected tropical disease under categoryA by World Health Organization advocated again its undeniable importance. Present circumstances reasoned to work on a neglected subspecies of Naja naja, i.e., Naja naja karachiensis [N. n. karachensis] has been documented for frequent deaths in Pakistan. In this study median lethal toxic dose [LD50] was determined intraperitoneally in Swiss albino mice and was found to be 2.0microg/g [2.0mg/kg] equal in potency to Naja pallida [red spitting African cobra]. Total protein contents [188+/-0.011microg / 200microg of dry weight] were high enough [94%] to represent an arsenal of proteins. Furthermore, 99mTc was labeled 99.9% with venom and didn't find to alter hemolytic activity of venom in dose dependent manner at 125 microg/ml [p<0.5], 250 microg/ml [p<0.1] and 500 microg/ml [p<0.1] when compared with its crude form. Present work will pave the way for proteomics study in effective production of antidote against specific species of snakes as dare demand of it has been felt since long period of time in Pakistan

Improved in vitro and in vivo performance of carbamazepine enabled by using a succinic acid cocrystal in a stable suspension formulation

Currently cocrystals are considered as an established approach for making crystalline solids with overall improved physico-chemical properties. However, some otherwise well behaving cocrystals undergo rapid dissociation during dissolution, with ultimate conversion to parent drug and thus apparent loss of improved solubility. The polymeric carriers are long known to manipulate this conversion during dissolution to parent crystalline drug, which may hinder or accelerate the dissolution process if used in a dosage form. The goal of this study was to deliver in vivo a more soluble carbamazepine-succinic acid [CBZ-SUC] cocrystal in suspension formulation utilizing Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose [HPMC-AS] as a crystallization inhibitor and Polyvinyl carpolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft co-polymer® as solubilizer. The concentration of these polymers were systemically varied during in vitro dissolution studies, while selected formulations from dissolution studies were tested in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies [PK] in rabbits demonstrated that formulation F-X [1% cocrystal, 1% HPMC-AS and 2% Polyvinyl carpolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft co-polymer caused almost 6fold improvement in AUCo-72 as well as much higher C[MAX] of 4.73microg.mL[+1] to that of l.OTmicrog.mL[+1] of unformulated 'neat' cocrystal given orally. When reference formulation of CBZ [F5-X] with similar composition to F-X were given to rabbits, cocrystal formulation gave 1.37fold bioavailability than CBZ reference formulation. C[MAX] of reference formulation observed was 3.9microg.mL

Awareness and acceptance of family planning in patients coming to gynae department of D.G.Khanteaching hospital

Objective: To determine the frequency of awareness and acceptance of contraception in married women

Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in department of Obs and Gynae of D.G.Khan teaching hospital from 1[st] April 2014 to 1[st] April 2015

Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was designed and it was filled by interview of 200 women. This questionnaire carried socio demographic characteristics of women as well as knowledge and acceptance. This questionnaire includes knowledge of name of different methods and how to access these methods

Results: As the result, 92.5% women were aware on one family planning method out of 10 but acceptance for usage in one only 60% .The contraceptive prevalence was 33% which was less than 35% CPR from Pakistan national prevalence. Depo-Provera method is followed quit 70% as compared to oral contraceptive pills 68% and natural method 50% least known method was vaginal foam tablets/ Jelly 20%. Regarding permanent method, knowledge of sterilization awareness was 81% in females and 60% was in males. Emergency contraception awareness was low 11.5% as in table two

Conclusion: More efforts are required with the collaboration of print and electronic media to educate the public about the safety and convenience of modern irreversible as well as reversible methods of family planning

Transabdominal and transvaginal repair of vesicovaginal fistula

Objective: To evaluate the results of surgical repair of VVF through transabdominal and transvaginal routes

Study Design: Prospective study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Teaching Hospital, Ghazi Khan Medical College, DG Khan from June 2009 to May 2014

Patients and Methods: Total 26 patients of VVF with age range of 22-60years were included in the study.Fistulas had two types, simple and complex, according to site, size and aetiology . Simple VVFs were repaired through the vaginal route and complex ones through abdominal route. Patients were assessed at an interval of twoto three weeks to start with, twice after three-months and thereafter depending oncomplaints

Results: Sixteen [61%] patients had simple fistulas, while 10 [38%] patients had complex fistulas and one of the patients had complex fistula associated with rectal communication who was excluded . The most common cause was trauma during obstructed labour in 12[47%] patients, whereas the other common cause was hysterectomy. Sixteen [61%] patients were approached through transvaginal route, out of them 9 had supratrigonal and 7 trigonal fistulas. Ten [38%] patients with complex fistulas were approached by abdominal route. Duration of the surgery, blood loss, pain after surgery and stay in hospital was found to be shorter in transvaginal surgery. Two patients have failed repair with significant complications, a success rate of 92% was achieved. At a follow-up of one year 24 women had uneventful, active sexual life while 2 of them had some degree of pain during sexual intercourse

Conclusion: It's concluded that both the routes of VVF repair has a similar successrate

Incidence of common benign breast diseases among 'ANDI Classification'

To observe the incidence of common benign breast diseases among 'ANDI classification' in patients attending DHQ hospital D.G Khan medical college D.G. Khan and to compare the management provided, with international literature. Prospective study. This study was carried out in surgical outpatient department and surgical wards of DHQ hospital D. G Khan Medical College D.G Khan from June 2011 to May 2012. This prospective study was carried out on female patients presenting with sings and symptoms of benign breast disease in surgical outpatient department and surgical wards of DHQ hospital D.G Khan medical college D.G Khan, in a period of 12 months from June 2011 to May 2012. A total of 100 patients were included in the study. During the 12 month study period, a total of 161 patients with suspected benign breast disease were evaluated and out of them 100 patients were included in study. As regards menopausal status, 93 [93%] were pre-menopausal and 7 [[7%] patients were post-menopausal. Out of 100 patients, 69 [69%] were married and 31[31%] women were unmarried. The age of the patients was 15-50 years. Incidence of Fibroadenoma was 62% and Mastalgia was found in 27 patients [cyclical 15 [55.5%] and non-cyclical 12 [44.5%]. In the modern era of advanced technology, most sophisticated procedures of diagnosing and treating the breast disease, like mammoscintigraphy and MRI are lacking in our institution. Provision will definitely benefit the patients and will provide and opportunity to surgeons to take appropriate decisions regarding the management of breast diseases